Mind Reach

  Pipelining is an arrangement of the CPU’s hardware components to raise the CPU’s general performance. In a pipelined processor, procedures called ‘stages’ are accomplished in parallel, and the execution of more than one line of instruction occurs. Design of a basic Pipeline In a pipelined processor, a pipeline has two ends, the input end and the output end. Between these ends, there are multiple stages/segments such that the output of one stage is connected to the input of the next stage and each stage performs a specific operation. Interface registers are used to hold the intermediate output between two stages. These interface registers are also called latch or buffer. All the stages in the pipeline along with the interface registers are controlled by a common clock.

  In computer architecture, the control unit is responsible for directing the flow of data and instructions within the CPU. There are two main approaches to implementing a control unit: hardwired and micro-programmed. A hardwired control unit is a control unit that uses a fixed set of logic gates and circuits to execute instructions. The control signals for each instruction are hardwired into the control unit, so the control unit has a dedicated circuit for each possible instruction. Hardwired control units are simple and fast, but they can be inflexible and difficult to modify. On the other hand, a micro-programmed control unit is a control unit that uses a microcode to execute instructions. The microcode is a set of instructions that can be modified or updated, allowing for greater flexibility and ease of modification. The control signals for each instruction are generated by a microprogram that is stored in memory, rather than being hardwired into the control unit. The control u...

  Instruction formats refer to the way instructions are encoded and represented in machine language. There are several types of instruction formats, including zero, one, two, and three-address instructions. Each type of instruction format has its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of code size, execution time, and flexibility. Modern computer architectures typically use a combination of these formats to provide a balance between simplicity and power. Different Types of Instruction Fields A computer performs a task based on the instructions provided. Instructions in computers are comprised of groups called  fields . These fields contain different information for computers which are all written in 0s and 1s. Each field has a different significance or meaning, based on which a CPU decides what to perform. The most common fields are: The operation field specifies the operation to be performed, like addition. Address field which contains the location of the operand, i.e., re...